Filtering patterns are determined for each ISP which engages in filtering and these patterns are used to automate the analysis of future results. These methods of filtering (PDF) can range from proxy filtering which displays a transparent notice that content is not permitted (a ‘block page’) to other forms of connectivity disruption which resemble innocuous network errors. The results from within the target country (field) and the control country (lab) are compared through both automated and manual analyses to identify what content is filtered and the method of filtering. The resulting data is then transmitted to a server housed at the University of Toronto. Where appropriate, tests are run from different Internet service providers (ISPs) and across multiple days and weeks to control for normal connectivity issues. The data that is collected includes URL, network errors, IP address of the URL, DNS settings, DNS entries, HTTP codes, HTTP headers, page body, and in some cases trace routes and packet captures. Canada) which does not filter the type of content for which the ONI tests. The client queries pre-defined lists of URLs which are accessed simultaneously both in the country suspected of filtering and a control country (e.g. The software client is distributed to researchers and volunteers within countries of interest to ONI. This system is based on a client / server architecture. Q: How does ONI determine if a website is filtered?Ī: ONI conducts technical testing of Internet filtering using a software system developed to identify blocked URLs. This mixed-methods approach combines technical data with contextual indicators to give a richer view of national level filtering regimes than would be possible from technical metrics alone. Perfect B&W is also available as a Standard Edition, which only works as a standalone application.Q: What methods does the ONI use to investigate Internet filtering practices?Ī: ONI employs a multidisciplinary approach that includes technical enumeration of state mandated Internet censorship policies and practices, field research undertaken by regional and country-level experts as well as legal and regulatory analysis. The Premium Edition can be used as a standalone application, or as a plug-in to Adobe Lightroom, Photoshop, Photoshop Elements, or Apple Aperture. Perfect B&W is available in two editions. With Perfect B&W, you'll infuse the artistry of black and white photography and create your own masterpiece. Control the exact appearance of your image using a set of essential adjustment brushes and achieve precise edge detected masking with the all-new Perfect Brush. Enhance tone and contrast by boosting shadow and highlight details or bring back a touch of selective color. Whether you are a hobbyist photographer or a working professional, you can achieve classic black & white looks instantly with a library of expertly crafted effects or customize your own unique look using powerful, darkroom-inspired controls that replicate time-honored processing techniques. Use Perfect B&W to add dramatic and elegant looks to your photos and create the many moods black and white photography can evoke resulting in beautiful and provocative imagery. Its powerful and intuitive tools give you both instant results and complete creative control. With Perfect B&W Premium Edition, you can easily develop your own stunning black and white images easily.
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